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A060187
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Triangle read by rows: Eulerian numbers of type B, T(n,k) (1 <= k <= n) given by T(n, 1) = T(n,n) = 1, otherwise T(n, k) = (2*n - 2*k + 1)*T(n-1, k-1) + (2*k - 1)*T(n-1, k).
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120
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1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 23, 23, 1, 1, 76, 230, 76, 1, 1, 237, 1682, 1682, 237, 1, 1, 722, 10543, 23548, 10543, 722, 1, 1, 2179, 60657, 259723, 259723, 60657, 2179, 1, 1, 6552, 331612, 2485288, 4675014, 2485288, 331612, 6552, 1, 1, 19673, 1756340, 21707972, 69413294, 69413294, 21707972, 1756340, 19673, 1
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OFFSET
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1,5
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COMMENTS
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Rows are expansions of p(x,n) = 2^n*(1 - x)^(1 + n)*LerchPhi(x, -n, 1/2). Row sums are A000165. - Roger L. Bagula, Sep 16 2008
Eulerian numbers of type B. The n-th row of this triangle is the h-vector of the simplicial complex dual to a permutohedron of type B_(n-1). For example, the permutohedron of type B_2 is an octagon whose dual, also an octagon, has f-polynomial f(x) = 1 + 8*x + 8*x^2 and h-polynomial given by (x-1)^2 + 8*(x-1) + 8 = 1 + 6*x + x^2, giving [1,6,1] as row 3 of this table (see Fomin and Reading, p. 21). The corresponding triangle of f-vectors for the type B permutohedra is A145901. The Hilbert transform of the current array is A145905. - Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008
The row polynomials count the elements of the hyperoctahedral group B_n (the group of signed permutations on n letters) according to the number of type B descents (see Chow and Gessel).
Let P denote Pascal's triangle. Then the first column of the array P*(I-t*P^2)^(-1) (I the identity array) begins [1/(1-t),(1+t)/(1-t)^2,(1+6*t+t^2)/(1-t)^3,...]. The numerator polynomials are the row polynomials of this table. Similarly, in the array (I-t*A062715)^-1, the numerator polynomials in the first column produce the row polynomials of this table (but with an extra factor of t). Cf. A145901. (End)
The Dasse-Hartaut and Hitczenko paper (section 6.1.4) shows this triangle of numbers, when suitably normalized, satisfies the central limit theorem. - Peter Bala, Mar 05 2012
These are the coefficients of the midpoint Eulerian polynomials (see Quade/Collatz and Schoenberg). In terms of the cardinal B-splines b_n(t) these polynomials can be defined as M_n(x) = 2^n*n!*Sum_{k=0..n} b_{n+1}(k+1/2)*x^k. - Peter Luschny, Apr 26 2013
The o.g.f. Godd(n, x) = Sum_{m>=0} Sodd(n, m)*x^m, with Sodd(n, m) = Sum_{j=0..m} (1+2*j)^n is Podd(n, x)/(1 - x)^(n+2) with Podd(n, x) = Sum_{k=0..n} T(n+1, k+1)*x^k. E.g., Godd(2, x) = (1 + 6*x + x^2)/(1 - x)^4; see A000447(n+1) for n >= 0. For the e.g.f.s see A282628. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 17 2017
Let h_0(x,y) = x*y/(x+y), and D = x*D_x - y*D_y where D_x is the partial derivative w.r.t. x, etc. Put h_{n+1}(x,y) = D(h_n)(x,y). Then h_n(x,y) = x*y/(x+y)^(n+1)*f_{n}(x,y) where f_n(x,y) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*T(n+1,k+1)*y^(n-k)*x^k. If instead of h_0, one similarly uses g_0(x,y) = x*y/(y-x), etc., then one obtains g_n(x,y) = x*y/(y-x)^(n+1)*Sum_{k=0..n} T(n+1,k+1)*y^(n-k)*x^k. (If instead of D one considers D' = x*D_x + y*D_y, then h_0 and g_0 are fixed points of D'.) - Gregory Gerard Wojnar, Oct 28 2018
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REFERENCES
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G. Boros and V. H. Moll, Irresistible Integrals: Symbolics, Analysis and Experiments in the Evaluation of Integrals, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
T. K. Petersen, Eulerian Numbers, Birkhauser, 2015, Chapter 11.
W. Quade and L. Collatz, Zur Interpolationstheorie der reellen periodischen Funktionen. Sitzungsbericht der Preuss. Akad. der Wiss., Phys.-Math. Kl, (1938), 383-429.
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LINKS
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Jean-Christophe Aval, Adrien Boussicault, Philippe Nadeau, Tree-like Tableaux, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 20(4), 2013, #P34.
P. A. MacMahon, The divisors of numbers, Proc. London Math. Soc., (2) 19 (1921), 305-340; Coll. Papers II, pp. 267-302.
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FORMULA
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T(s, 2) = 3^(s-1) - s. Sum_{t=1..s} T(s, t) = 2^(s-1)*(s-1)!.
T(n,k) = Sum_{i = 1..k} (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(n,k-i)*(2*i-1)^(n-1).
E.g.f.: (1 - x)*exp((1 - x)*t)/(1 - x*exp(2*(1 - x)*t)) = 1 + (1 + x)*t + (1 + 6*x + x^2)*t^2/2! + ... .
The row polynomials R(n,x) satisfy R(n,x)/(1 - x)^n = Sum_{i >= 1} (2*i - 1)^(n-1)*x^i. For example, row 3 gives (x + 6*x^2 + x^3)/ (1 - x)^3 = x + 3^2*x^2 + 5 ^2*x^3 + 7^2*x^4 + ... .
The recurrence relation R(n+1,x) = [(2*n+1)*x - 1]*R(n,x) + 2*x*(1 - x)*R'(n,x) shows that the row polynomials R(n,x) have only real zeros (apply Corollary 1.2 of [Liu and Wang]).
Worpitzky-type identity: Sum_{k = 1..n} T(n,k)*binomial(x+k-1,n-1) = (2*x+1)^(n-1).
The nonzero alternating row sums are (-1)^(n-1)*A002436(n). (End)
exp(x)*(d/dx)^n [exp(x)/(1 - exp(2*x))] = R(n+1,exp(2*x))/ (1 - exp(2*x))^(n+1).
Compare with Example 12.3.1. in [Boros and Moll]. - Peter Bala, Nov 07 2008
The n-th row polynomial R(n,x) = Sum_{k = 0..n} A145901(n,k)*x^k*(1 - x)^(n-k) = Sum_{k = 0..n} A145901(n,k)*(x - 1)^(n-k). - Peter Bala, Jul 22 2014
Assuming an offset 0, the n-th row polynomial = (x - 1)^n * log(x) * Integral_{u = 0..inf} (2*floor(u) + 1)^n * x^(-u) du, provided x > 1. - Peter Bala, Feb 06 2015
The finite sums of consecutive odd integer powers is derived from this number triangle: Sum_{k=1..n}(2k-1)^m = Sum_{j=1..m+1}binomial(n+m+1-j,m+1)*T(m+1,j). - Tony Foster III, Feb 09 2018
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EXAMPLE
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The triangle T(n, k) begins:
n\k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
1: 1
2: 1 1
3: 1 6 1
4: 1 23 23 1
5: 1 76 230 76 1
6: 1 237 1682 1682 237 1
7: 1 722 10543 23548 10543 722 1
8: 1 2179 60657 259723 259723 60657 2179 1
...
row n = 9: 1 6552 331612 2485288 4675014 2485288 331612 6552 1,
row n = 10: 1 19673 1756340 21707972 69413294 69413294 21707972 1756340 19673 1,
row n = 11: 1 59038 9116141 178300904 906923282 1527092468 906923282 178300904 9116141 59038 1, ... reformatted. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 17 2017
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MAPLE
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A060187:= (n, k) -> add((-1)^(k-i)*binomial(n, k-i)*(2*i-1)^(n-1), i = 1..k):
for n from 1 to 10 do seq(A060187(n, k), k = 1..n); end do; # Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008
T:=proc(n, k, l) option remember; if (n=1 or k=1 or k=n) then 1 else
(l*n-l*k+1)*T(n-1, k-1, l)+(l*k-l+1)*T(n-1, k, l); fi; end;
for n from 1 to 10 do lprint([seq(T(n, k, 2), k=1..n)]); od; # N. J. A. Sloane, May 08 2013
P := proc(n, x) option remember; if n = 0 then 1 else
(n*x+(1/2)*(1-x))*P(n-1, x)+x*(1-x)*diff(P(n-1, x), x);
expand(%) fi end:
A060187 := (n, k) -> 2^n*coeff(P(n, x), x, k):
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MATHEMATICA
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p[x_, n_] = 2^n (1 - x)^(1 + n) LerchPhi[x, -n, 1/2]; Table[CoefficientList[p[x, n], x], {n, 0, 10}] // Flatten (* Roger L. Bagula, Sep 16 2008 *)
T[n_, k_] := Sum[(-1)^(k-i)*Binomial[n, k-i]*(2*i-1)^(n-1), {i, 1, k}]; Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 23 2015, after Peter Bala *)
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PROG
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(PARI) {T(n, k) = if( n<k || k<1, 0, sum(i=1, k, (-1)^(k-i) * binomial(n, k-i) * (2*i-1)^(n-1)))}; /* Michael Somos, Jan 07 2011 */
(Sage)
@CachedFunction
if n == 0: return 1 if k == 0 else 0
(GAP) a:=Flat(List([1..11], n->List([1..n], k->Sum([1..k], i->(-1)^(k-i)*Binomial(n, k-i)*(2*i-1)^(n-1))))); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 09 2018
(Magma) [[(&+[(-1)^(k-j)*Binomial(n, k-j)*(2*j-1)^(n-1): j in [1..k]]): k in [1..n]]: n in [1..10]]; // G. C. Greubel, Nov 08 2018
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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