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A097486
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A relationship between Pi and the Mandelbrot set. a(n) = number of iterations of z^2 + c that c-values -0.75 + x*i go through before escaping, where x = 10^(-n). Lim_{n->inf} a(n) * x = Pi.
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4
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3, 33, 315, 3143, 31417, 314160, 3141593, 31415927, 314159266, 3141592655, 31415926537, 314159265359, 3141592653591
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OFFSET
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0,1
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COMMENTS
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-0.75 + 0*i is the neck of the Mandelbrot set.
a(n) is an approximation to Pi*10^n. If you substitute "1/K" in place of "0.1" in the algorithm, the resulting sequence will approximate Pi*K^n. If expressed in base K, the sequence terms will then have digits similar to the digits of Pi in base K.
Calculation of this sequence is subject to roundoff errors. In PARI/GP and in C++ using a quad-precision library, the value of A(7) is 31415927, not 31415928 as was originally recorded in this entry. - Robert Munafo, Jan 07 2010
In the PARI/GP program below, if you change "z=0" to "z=c" and "2.0" to "4.0", you get a similar sequence and in addition, A(-1)=0, which is "more aesthetically correct" given the notion that this sequence approximates Pi*10^n. However, such a modified program is NOT equivalent for positive N, it gives A097486(8)=314159267. - Robert Munafo, Jan 25 2010
The difference between the terms of a(n) and A011545(n) = floor(Pi*10^n) is d(n) = 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, ... - Martin Renner, Feb 24 2018
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REFERENCES
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Peitgen, Juergens and Saupe: Chaos and Fractals (Springer-Verlag 1992) pages 859-862.
Peitgen, Juergens and Saupe: Fractals for the Classroom (Springer-Verlag 1992) Part two, pages 431-434.
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LINKS
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MAPLE
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Digits:=2^8:
f:=proc(z, c, k) option remember;
f(z, c, k-1)^2+c;
end;
a:=proc(n)
local epsilon, c, k;
epsilon:=10.^(-n):
c:=-0.75+epsilon*I:
f(0, c, 0):=0:
for k do
if abs(f(0, c, k))>2 then
break;
fi;
od:
return(k);
end;
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MATHEMATICA
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$MinPrecision = 128; Do[c = SetPrecision[.1^n * I - .75, 128]; z = 0; a = 0; While[Abs[z] < 2, z = z^2 + c; a++ ]; Print[a], {n, 0, 8}] (* Hans Havermann, Oct 20 2010 *)
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PROG
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(Magma) A097486:=function(n) c:=10^-n*Sqrt(-1)-3/4; z:=0; a:=0; while Modulus(z)lt 2 do z:=z^2+c; a+:=1; end while; return a; end function; // Jason Kimberley
(PARI) A097486(n)=local(a, c, z); c=0.1^n*I-0.75; z=0; a=0; while(abs(z)<2.0, {z=z^2+c; a=a+1}); a \\ Robert Munafo, Jan 25 2010
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,more
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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