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A053120
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Triangle of coefficients of Chebyshev's T(n,x) polynomials (powers of x in increasing order).
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210
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1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 2, 0, -3, 0, 4, 1, 0, -8, 0, 8, 0, 5, 0, -20, 0, 16, -1, 0, 18, 0, -48, 0, 32, 0, -7, 0, 56, 0, -112, 0, 64, 1, 0, -32, 0, 160, 0, -256, 0, 128, 0, 9, 0, -120, 0, 432, 0, -576, 0, 256, -1, 0, 50, 0, -400, 0, 1120, 0, -1280, 0, 512, 0, -11, 0, 220, 0, -1232, 0, 2816, 0, -2816, 0, 1024
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OFFSET
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0,6
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COMMENTS
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Row sums (signed triangle): A000012 (powers of 1). Row sums (unsigned triangle): A001333(n).
The row polynomials T(n,x) equal (S(n,2*x) - S(n-2,2*x))/2, n >= 0, with the row polynomials S from A049310, with S(-1,x) = 0, and S(-2,x) = -1.
The zeros of T(n,x) are x(n,k) = cos((2*k+1)*Pi/(2*n)), k = 0, 1, ..., n-1, n >= 1. (End)
The (sub)diagonal sequences {D_{2*k}(m)}_{m >= 0}, for k >= 0, have o.g.f. GD_{2*k}(x) = (-1)^k*(1-x)/(1-2*x)^(k+1), for k >= 0, and GD_{2*k+1}(x) = 0, for k >= 0. This follows from their o.g.f. GGD(z, x) := Sum_{k>=0} GD_k(x)*z^n which is obtained from the o.g.f. of the T-triangle GT(z, x) = (1-x*z)/(1 - 2*x + z^2) (see the formula section) by GGD(z, x) = GT(z, x/z).
The explicit form is then D_{2*k}(m) = (-1)^k, for m = 0, and
(-1)^k*(2*k+m)*2^(m-1)*risefac(k+1, m-1)/m!, for m >= 1, with the rising factorial risefac(x, n). (End)
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REFERENCES
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M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964. Tenth printing, Wiley, 2002 (also electronically available), p. 795.
F. Hirzebruch et al., Manifolds and Modular Forms, Vieweg 1994 pp. 77, 105.
Theodore J. Rivlin, Chebyshev polynomials: from approximation theory to algebra and number theory, 2. ed., Wiley, New York, 1990.
TableCurve 2D, Automated curve fitting and equation discovery, Version 5.01 for Windows, User's Manual, Chebyshev Series Polynomials and Rationals, pages 12-21 - 12-24, SYSTAT Software, Inc., Richmond, WA, 2002.
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LINKS
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M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [scanned copy], p.795.
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FORMULA
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G.f. for row polynomials T(n,x) (signed triangle): (1-x*z)/(1-2*x*z+z^2). If unsigned: (1-x*z)/(1-2*x*z-z^2).
T(n, m) := 0 if n < m or n+m odd; T(n, m) = (-1)^(n/2) if m=0 (n even); otherwise T(n, m) = ((-1)^((n+m)/2 + m))*(2^(m-1))*n*binomial((n+m)/2-1, m-1)/m.
Recursion for n >= 2: T(n, m) = T*a(n-1, m-1) - T(n-2, m), T(n, m)=0 if n < m, T(n, -1) := 0, T(0, 0) = T(1, 1) = 1.
G.f. for m-th column (signed triangle): 1/(1+x^2) if m=0, otherwise (2^(m-1))*(x^m)*(1-x^2)/(1+x^2)^(m+1).
Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} T(n-k, k) = A000007(n).
T(2*n, n) = i^n * A036909(n/2) * (1+(-1)^n)/2 + [n=0]/3. (End)
T(n, k) = [x^k] T(n, x) for n >= 1, where T(n, x) = Sum_{k=1..n}(-1)^(n - k)*(n/ (2*k))*binomial(k, n - k)*(2*x)^(2*k - n). - Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2022
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EXAMPLE
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The triangle a(n,m) begins:
n\m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...
0: 1
1: 0 1
2: -1 0 2
3: 0 -3 0 4
4: 1 0 -8 0 8
5: 0 5 0 -20 0 16
6: -1 0 18 0 -48 0 32
7: 0 -7 0 56 0 -112 0 64
8: 1 0 -32 0 160 0 -256 0 128
9: 0 9 0 -120 0 432 0 -576 0 256
10: -1 0 50 0 -400 0 1120 0 -1280 0 512
E.g., the fourth row (n=3) corresponds to the polynomial T(3,x) = -3*x + 4*x^3.
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MAPLE
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with(orthopoly) ;
T(n, x) ;
coeftayl(%, x=0, k) ;
T := (n, x) -> `if`(n = 0, 1, add((-1)^(n - k) * (n/(2*k))*binomial(k, n - k) *(2*x)^(2*k - n), k = 1 ..n)):
seq(seq(coeff(T(n, x), x, k), k = 0..n), n = 0..11); # Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2022
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MATHEMATICA
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t[n_, k_] := Coefficient[ ChebyshevT[n, x], x, k]; Flatten[ Table[ t[n, k], {n, 0, 11}, {k, 0, n}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 16 2012 *)
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PROG
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(Magma) &cat[ Coefficients(ChebyshevT(n)): n in [0..11] ]; // Klaus Brockhaus, Mar 08 2008
(PARI) for(n=0, 5, P=polchebyshev(n); for(k=0, n, print1(polcoeff(P, k)", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 16 2012
(Julia)
using Nemo
function A053120Row(n)
R, x = PolynomialRing(ZZ, "x")
p = chebyshev_t(n, x)
[coeff(p, j) for j in 0:n] end
for n in 0:6 A053120Row(n) |> println end # Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2018
(SageMath)
if (n<2 and k==0): return 1
elif (k<0 or k>n): return 0
else: return 2*f(n-1, k) - f(n-2, k-2)
def A053120(n, k): return f(n, n-k)
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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