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A203399
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T(n, k), a triangular array read by rows, is the number of classes of equivalent 2-color n-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) that contain k necklaces.
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3
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2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 14, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 14, 2, 1, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 30
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OFFSET
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1,1
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COMMENTS
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Equivalently, the dihedral group of order n acts on the set of length n binary sequences. T(n,k) is the number of orbits that contain k elements.
By "n-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed)" the author means "bracelets". By saying that the classes of these n-bead bracelets (turnover necklaces) "contain k necklaces" the author means that the classes "contain k marked necklaces". - Petros Hadjicostas, Jun 06 2019
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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Conjectures: For n >= 1, let b(n) be the number of bracelets of two colors with n beads that are either periodic (period >= 2), or have reflection symmetry (achiral), or both. Then b(n) = A000029(n) - A032239(n) for n >= 3 with b(n) = A000029(n) for n = 1, 2. We have A000029(n) = 2^floor(-3 + n/2) * (7 - (-1)^n) + (1/(2*n)) * Sum_{d|n} phi(d) * 2^(n/d) for n >= 1 and A032239(n) = (1/2) * Sum_{d|n} mu(d) * (-2^floor(-2 + (n/(2*d))) * (7 - (-1)^(n/d)) + 2^(n/d)/n) for n >= 3.
For 1 <= k <= n, we conjecture that T(n, k) = Sum_{d|k} mu(d)*b(k/d) for k|n, and = 0 otherwise. Note that, if 3 <= n <= 11, we have T(n, k) = A056493(k) when k|n, but this is not true (for example) for n = 12 and n = 14. We have T(12, 12) = 82 <> 81 = A056493(12) and T(14, 14) = 177 <> 175 = A056493(14).
Apparently, T(n, 2*n) = A032239(n) for all n >= 3, and T(n, k) = 0 for n < k < 2*n.
(End)
I ran the author's Mathematica program for n = 1..21 and I saw that the conjecture is OK except for n = 18 and n = 21. The program gives T(n=18, k=12) = 1 and T(n=18, k=18) = 742 while my conjecture implies that T(n=18, k=12) = 0 (since k = 12 does not divide n = 18) and T(n=18, k=18) = 743. In addition, the program gives T(n=21, k=14) = 2 and T(n=21, k=21) = 2030, while my conjecture implies that T(n=21, k=14) = 0 (since k = 14 does not divide n = 21) and T(n=21, k=21) = 2032. Apparently, my conjecture needs to be refined.
For n = 18, the single bracelet whose equivalence class has 12 marked necklaces is (BBWBWW)^3 (with period 3).
For n = 21, the two bracelets whose equivalence classes have 14 marked necklaces each are (BBWBWWW)^3 and (WWBWBBB)^3 (each with period 3).
(End)
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EXAMPLE
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Triangle begins (with rows n >= 1 and columns k >= 1):
2 0
2 1 0 0
2 0 2 0 0 0
2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2 1 0 3 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
Consider all bracelets (turnover necklaces) of two colors (B and W) that can be generated using one of Ruskey's websites above. We keep his numbering, declare whether it has reflexive symmetry or not (achiral or chiral, resp.), and find its value of k (= number of different marked necklaces belonging to its equivalence class).
We have: (1) BBBBBB (k=1, achiral), (2) BBBBBW (k=6, achiral), (3) BBBBWW (k=6, achiral), (4) BBBWBW (k=6, achiral), (5) BBBWWW (k=6, achiral), (6) BBWBBW (k=3, achiral), (7) BBWBWW (k=12, chiral), (8) BBWWWW (k=6, achiral), (9) BWBWBW (k=2, achiral), (10) BWBWWWW (k=6, achiral), (11) BWWBWW (k=3, achiral), (12) BWWWWW (k=6, achiral), (13) WWWWWW (k=1, achiral).
Hence, only bracelet (7) has no reflection symmetry, and thus it is chiral. The k=12 marked necklaces of its equivalence class are as follows:
BBWBWW, WBBWBW, WWBBWB, BWWBBW, WBWWBB, BWBWWB, and their mirror images BWWBWB, BBWWBW, WBBWWB, BWBBWW, WBWBBW, WWBWBB.
We see that T(n=6, k=1) = 2, T(n=6, k=2) = 1, T(n=6, k=3) = 2, T(n=6, k=6) = 7, and T(n=6, k=12) = 1, which agree with line n=6 in the triangle above.
(End)
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MATHEMATICA
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Needs["Combinatorica`"];
f[list_]:= Sort[NestList[RotateLeft, list, Length[list]-1] ~Join~NestList[RotateLeft, Reverse[list], Length[list]-1]]; Flatten[Table[Distribution[Map[Length, Map[Union, Union[Map[f, Strings[{0, 1}, n]]]]], Range[2 n]], {n, 1, 10}]]
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,tabf
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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