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A161328 E-toothpick sequence (see Comments lines for definition). 20
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 29, 40, 57, 72, 93, 116, 141, 168, 201, 228, 253, 268, 293, 328, 369, 424, 477, 536, 597, 656, 721, 784, 841, 888, 925, 972, 1037, 1108, 1205, 1300, 1405, 1500, 1589, 1672, 1753, 1840, 1933, 2012, 2085, 2164, 2253, 2360, 2473, 2592, 2705, 2820 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
An E-toothpick is formed by three toothpicks, as an trident. The E-toothpick has a midpoint and three exposed endpoints such that the distance between the endpoint of the central toothpick and the endpoints of the other toothpicks is equal to 1.
On the infinite triangular grid, we start at round 0 with no E-toothpicks.
At round 1 we place an E-toothpick anywhere in the plane.
At round 2 we add three more E-toothpicks.
At round 3 we add five more E-toothpicks.
And so on... (see illustrations).
The rule for adding new E-toothpicks is as follows. Each E has three ends, which initially are free. If the ends of two E's meet, those ends are no longer free. To go from round n to round n+1, we add an E-toothpick at each free end (extending that end in the direction it is pointing), subject to the condition that no end of any new E can touch any end of an existing E from round n or earlier. (Two new E's are allowed to touch.)
The sequence gives the number of E-toothpicks in the structure after n rounds. A161329 (the first differences) gives the number added at the n-th round.
Note that, on the infinite triangular grid, a E-toothpick can be represented as a polyedge with three components. In this case, at n-th round, the structure is a polyedge with 3*a(n) components. See the entry A139250 for more information about the growth of the toothpicks.
See also the snowflake sequence A161330.
LINKS
David Applegate, The movie version
David Applegate, Omar E. Pol and N. J. A. Sloane, The Toothpick Sequence and Other Sequences from Cellular Automata, Congressus Numerantium, Vol. 206 (2010), 157-191. [There is a typo in Theorem 6: (13) should read u(n) = 4.3^(wt(n-1)-1) for n >= 2.]
Dr. Goulu, 2012, Mayas, Kaya et cure-dents, Pourquoi Comment Combien blog, January 2012 (in French).
N. J. A. Sloane, A single E-toothpick
Zozoped, Illustration of the structure, a(42) = 2012, "Nous avons vu se lever son étoile", Le blog du Barabel [broken link].
FORMULA
For n >= 3, a(n) = 4 + Sum_{k=3..n} 2*Sum_{x=1..3} A220498(k-x) + 2^((k mod 2) + 1) - 7. - Christopher Hohl, Feb 24 2019
CROSSREFS
Sequence in context: A113495 A110997 A001640 * A073141 A093175 A138992
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Omar E. Pol, Jun 07 2009
EXTENSIONS
a(8) corrected, more terms appended by R. J. Mathar, Jan 21 2010
Extensive edits by Omar E. Pol, May 14 2012
I have copied the rule for adding new E-toothpicks (described by N. J. A. Sloane) from A161330. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 07 2012
STATUS
approved

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Last modified March 29 06:44 EDT 2024. Contains 371265 sequences. (Running on oeis4.)