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A024235
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Expansion of e.g.f. tan(x)*sin(x)/2 (even powers only).
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8
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0, 1, 2, 31, 692, 25261, 1351382, 99680491, 9695756072, 1202439837721, 185185594118762, 34674437196568951, 7757267081778543452, 2043536254646561946181, 626129820701814932734142, 220771946624511552276841411, 88759695789769644718332394832
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OFFSET
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0,3
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COMMENTS
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This sequence gives the coefficients in an asymptotic expansion related to the constant Pi/8. Recall the Madhava-Gregory-Leibniz series Pi/4 = Sum_{k = 1..inf} (-1)^(k-1)/(2*k - 1). Borwein et al. gave an asymptotic expansion for the tails of this series: Pi/2 - 2*Sum_{k = 1..N/2} (-1)^(k-1)/(2*k - 1) ~ 1/N - 1/N^3 + 5/N^5 - 61/N^7 + ..., where N is an integer divisible by 4 and the sequence of unsigned coefficients [1, 1, 5, 61,...] is the sequence of Euler numbers A000364.
Similarly, we have the series representation Pi/8 = Sum_{k = 1..inf} (-1)^k/((2*k - 3)*(2*k - 1)*(2*k + 1)): using the approach of Borwein et al. we can show the associated asymptotic expansion for the tails of the series is Pi/4 - 2*Sum_{k = 1..N/2} (-1)^k/((2*k - 3)*(2*k - 1)*(2*k + 1)) ~ -1/N^3 + 2/N^5 - 31/N^7 + 692/N^9 - ..., where N is divisible by 4 and where the sequence of unsigned coefficients [1, 2, 31, 692,...] forms the present sequence. A numerical example is given below. Cf. A278080 and A278195. (End)
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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G.f.: 1/2*(G(0) - 1/(1+x)) where G(k) = 1 - x*(2*k+1)^2/(1 - x*(2*k+2)^2/G(k+1) ); (recursively defined continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Feb 09 2013
a(n) = 1/8*(-4)^n*( -E(2*n,3/2) + 2*E(2*n,1/2) - E(2*n,-1/2) ), where E(n,x) is the Euler polynomial of order n.
G.f. 1/2!*sin^2(x)/cos(x) = x^2/2! + 2*x^4/4! + 31*x^6/6! + 692*x^8/8! + ....
O.g.f. for a signed version of the sequence: Sum_{n >= 0} ( 1/2^n * Sum_{k = 0..n} (-1)^k*binomial(n, k)/((1 - (2*k - 1)*x)*(1 - (2*k + 1)*x)*(1 - (2*k + 3)*x)) ) = 1 - 2*x^2 + 31*x^4 - 692*x^6 + .... (End)
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EXAMPLE
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tan(x)*sin(x)/2 = 1/2*x^2 + 1/12*x^4 + 31/720*x^6 + 173/10080*x^8 + ...
Asymptotic expansion at N = 100000.
The truncated series 2*Sum_{k = 1..N/2} (-1)^k/((2*k - 3)*(2*k - 1)*(2*k + 1)) = 0.78539816339744(9)309615660(6)4581987(603) 104929(1657)84377... to 50 digits. The bracketed digits show where this decimal expansion differs from that of Pi/4. The numbers -1, 2, -31, 692 must be added to the bracketed numbers to give the correct decimal expansion to 50 digits: Pi/4 = 0.78539816339744(8)309615660(8)4581987(572)104929(2349)84377.... (End)
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MAPLE
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abs(euler(2*n));
end proc:
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MATHEMATICA
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With[{nn=30}, Take[CoefficientList[Series[Tan[x]*Sin[x]/2, {x, 0, nn}], x]Range[0, nn]!, {1, -1, 2}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 27 2012 *)
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,easy
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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Extended and signs tested Mar 15 1997.
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STATUS
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approved
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