A000657 Median Euler numbers (the middle numbers of Arnold's shuttle triangle).

1, 1, 4, 46, 1024, 36976, 1965664, 144361456, 13997185024, 1731678144256, 266182076161024, 49763143319190016, 11118629668610842624, 2925890822304510631936, 895658946905031792553984, 315558279782214450517374976, 126780706777739389745128013824

Offset

0,3

Comments

Also central terms of the triangle in A008280. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 01 2013

Conjecture: taking the sequence modulo an integer k gives an eventually purely periodic sequence with period dividing phi(k). For example, the sequence taken modulo 9 begins [1, 1, 4, 1, 7, 4, 1, 7, 4, 1, 7, ...] with an apparent period [4, 1, 7] of length 3 = phi(9)/2 beginning at a(2). - Peter Bala, May 08 2023

References

V. I. Arnold, Springer numbers and Morsification spaces. J. Algebraic Geom. 1 (1992), no. 2, 197-214.

L. Seidel, Über eine einfache Entstehungsweise der Bernoulli'schen Zahlen und einiger verwandten Reihen, Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, volume 7 (1877), 157-187.

Links

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

V. I. Arnold, The calculus of snakes and the combinatorics of Bernoulli, Euler and Springer numbers of Coxeter groups, Uspekhi Mat. nauk., 47 (#1, 1992), 3-45 = Russian Math. Surveys, Vol. 47 (1992), 1-51.

Ange Bigeni and Evgeny Feigin, Symmetric Dellac configurations, arXiv:1808.04275 [math.CO], 2018.

D. Dumont, Further triangles of Seidel-Arnold type and continued fractions related to Euler and Springer numbers, Adv. Appl. Math., 16 (1995), 275-296.

A. Randrianarivony and J. Zeng, Une famille de polynomes qui interpole plusieurs suites..., Adv. Appl. Math. 17 (1996), 1-26.

Formula

Row sums of triangle, read by rows, [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ...] DELTA [1, 2, 6, 5, 11, 8, 16, 11, 21, 14, ...] where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938.

G.f.: Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*x^n = 1/(1-1*1x/(1-1*3x/(1-2*5x/(1-2*7x/(1-3*9x/...))))). - Ralf Stephan, Sep 09 2004

G.f.: 1/G(0) where G(k) = 1 - x*(8*k^2+4*k+1) - x^2*(k+1)^2*(4*k+1)*(4*k+3)/G(k+1); (recursively defined continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Feb 05 2013

G.f.: G(0)/(1-x), where G(k) = 1 - x^2*(k+1)^2*(4*k+1)*(4*k+3)/( x^2*(k+1)^2*(4*k+1)*(4*k+3) - (1 - x*(8*k^2+4*k+1))*(1 - x*(8*k^2+20*k+13))/G(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Feb 01 2014

a(n) = (-1)^(n)*Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k)*Euler(n+k). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Apr 06 2015

a(n) ~ 2^(4*n+5/2) * n^(2*n+1/2) / (exp(2*n) * Pi^(2*n+1/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Apr 06 2015

Conjectural e.g.f. as a continued fraction: 1/(1 - (1 - exp(-2*t))/(2 - (1 - exp(-4*t))/(1 - (1 - exp(-6*t))/(2 - (1 - exp(-8*t))/(1 - ... )))) = 1 + t + 4*t^2/2! + 46*t^3/3! + .... Cf. A005799. - Peter Bala, Dec 26 2019

Maple

Digits := 40: rr := array(1..40, 1..40): rr[1, 1] := 1: for i from 1 to 39 do rr[i+1, 1] := subs(x=0, diff(1+tan(x), x$i)): od: for i from 2 to 40 do for j from 2 to i do rr[i, j] := rr[i, j-1]-(-1)^i*rr[i-1, j-1]: od: od: [seq(rr[2*i-1, i], i=1..20)];
# Alternatively after Alois P. Heinz in A000111:
b := proc(u, o) option remember;
`if`(u + o = 0, 1, add(b(o - 1 + j, u - j), j = 1..u)) end:
a := n -> b(n, n): seq(a(n), n = 0..15); # Peter Luschny, Oct 27 2017

Mathematica

max = 20; rr[1, 1] = 1; For[i = 1, i <= 2*max - 1, i++, rr[i + 1, 1] = D[1 + Tan[x], {x, i}] /. x -> 0]; For[i = 2, i <= 2*max, i++, For[j = 2, j <= i, j++, rr[i, j] = rr[i, j - 1] - (-1)^i*rr[i - 1, j - 1]]]; Table[rr[2*i - 1, i], {i, 1, max}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 10 2012, after Maple *)

Prog

(Sage) # Algorithm of L. Seidel (1877)
def A000657_list(n) :
    R = []; A = {-1:0, 0:1}
    k = 0; e = 1
    for i in (0..n) :
        Am = 0; A[k + e] = 0; e = -e
        for j in (0..i) :
            Am += A[k]; A[k] = Am; k += e
        if e < 0 :
            R.append(A[0])
    return R
A000657_list(30)  # Peter Luschny, Apr 02 2012
(Haskell)
a000657 n = a008280 (2 * n) n  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 01 2013
(Maxima)
a(n):=(-1)^(n)*sum(binomial(n, k)*euler(n+k), k, 0, n); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Apr 06 2015 */

Crossrefs

Cf. A084938, A002832. For a signed version see A099023.

Related polynomials in A098277.

A diagonal of A323834.

Cf. A005799.

Sequence in context: A126739 A191870 A099023 * A356901 A001623 A188634

Adjacent sequences: A000654 A000655 A000656 * A000658 A000659 A000660

Keyword

nonn,nice,easy

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Don Knuth

Extensions

More terms from Barbara Haas Margolius (margolius(AT)math.csuohio.edu), Feb 12 2001

Corrected by Sean A. Irvine, Dec 22 2010

Status

approved