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A000378
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Sums of three squares: numbers of the form x^2 + y^2 + z^2.
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56
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0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83
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refs;
listen;
history;
text;
internal format)
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OFFSET
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1,3
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COMMENTS
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An equivalent definition: numbers of the form x^2 + y^2 + z^2 with x,y,z >= 0.
Bourgain studies "the spatial distribution of the representation of a large integer as a sum of three squares, on the small and critical scale as well as their electrostatic energy. The main results announced give strong evidence to the thesis that the solutions behave randomly. This is in sharp contrast to what happens with sums of two or four or more square." Sums of two nonzero squares are A000404. - Jonathan Vos Post, Apr 03 2012
The multiplicities for a(n) (if 0 <= x <= y <= z) are given as A000164(a(n)), n >= 1. Compare with A005875(a(n)) for integer x, y and z, and order taken into account. - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 08 2013
a(n)^k is a member of this sequence for any k > 1. - Boris Putievskiy, May 05 2013
The selection rule for the planes with Miller indices (hkl) to undergo X-ray diffraction in a simple cubic lattice is h^2+k^2+l^2 = N where N is a term of this sequence. See A004014 for f.c.c. lattice. - Mohammed Yaseen, Nov 06 2022
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REFERENCES
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J. H. Conway and N. J. A. Sloane, "Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups", Springer-Verlag, p. 107.
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 37.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 311.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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Legendre: a nonnegative integer is a sum of three squares iff it is not of the form 4^k m with m == 7 (mod 8).
n^(2k+1) is in the sequence iff n is in the sequence. - Ray Chandler, Feb 03 2009
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EXAMPLE
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a(9) = 9 = 0^2 + 0^2 + 3^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 + 2^2. A000164(9) = 2. A000164(9) = 30 = 2*3 + 8*3 (counting signs and order). - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 08 2013
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MAPLE
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isA000378 := proc(n) # return true or false depending on n being in the list
local x, y ;
for x from 0 do
if 3*x^2 > n then
return false;
end if;
for y from x do
if x^2+2*y^2 > n then
break;
else
if issqr(n-x^2-y^2) then
return true;
end if;
end if;
end do:
end do:
end proc:
option remember;
local a;
if n = 1 then
0;
else
for a from procname(n-1)+1 do
if isA000378(a) then
return a;
end if;
end do:
end if;
end proc:
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MATHEMATICA
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okQ[n_] := If[EvenQ[k = IntegerExponent[n, 2]], m = n/2^k; Mod[m, 8] != 7, True]; Select[Range[0, 100], okQ] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 08 2016, adapted from PARI *)
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PROG
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(PARI) isA000378(n)=my(k=valuation(n, 2)); if(k%2==0, n>>=k; n%8!=7, 1)
(PARI) list(lim)=my(v=List(), k, t); for(x=0, sqrtint(lim\=1), for(y=0, min(sqrtint(lim-x^2), x), k=x^2+y^2; for(z=0, min(sqrtint(lim-k), y), listput(v, k+z^2)))); Set(v) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 14 2015
(Python)
def valuation(n, b):
v = 0
while n > 1 and n%b == 0: n //= b; v += 1
return v
def ok(n): return n//4**valuation(n, 4)%8 != 7
(Python)
from itertools import count, islice
def A000378_gen(): # generator of terms
return filter(lambda n:n>>2*(bin(n)[:1:-1].index('1')//2) & 7 < 7, count(1))
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A005875 (number of representations if x, y and z are integers).
Cf. A047449, A034043, A034044, A034045, A034046, A034047, A065883, A072400, A072401, A071374, A002828, A001481, A125084, A000164.
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KEYWORD
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nonn
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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